Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts
                                    Richard E. Klabunde, Ph.D.

The vascular anatomy of the entire body or for an individual organ is comprised of both in-series and in-parallel vascular components as shown to the right. Blood leaves the heart through the aorta from which it is distributed to major organs by large arteries, each of which originates from the aorta.  Therefore, these major distributing arteries (e.g., carotid, brachial, superior mesenteric, renal, iliac) are in-parallel with each other. This further means that the vascular networks of most individual organs are in-parallel with other organ networks.  For example, the circulations of the head, arms, gastrointestinal systems, kidneys, and legs are all parallel circulations. There are some exceptions, notably the gastrointestinal and hepatic circulations, which are partly in-series because the venous drainage from the intestines become the hepatic portal vein which supplies most of the blood flow to the liver. 

Within an organ, the vessels comprising the microcirculation are arranged in-series and in-parallel (see figure to right). A small artery is in-series with its two daughter branches (arterioles), and each of these arteriolar branches are in-parallel to each other. The arterioles give rise to capillaries (in-series connection), which are in-parallel to each other. Therefore, each of the vascular segments depicted in the figure are in-series to each other, although within the segment there are parallel vessels. Furthermore, each vascular segment will have a segmental resistance value (R_x) that is determined by the length and radius of each of the vessels that comprise the segment of parallel vessels (see parallel resistance calculation).

For an in-series resistance network, the total resistance (R_T) equals the sum of the individual resistances. Therefore, for the vessels depicted in the figure, the total resistance is equal to the sum of the small artery (R_A), arterioles (R_a), capillaries (R_c), venules (R_v), and vein (R_V) resistances.

        R_T = R_A + R_a + R_c + R_v + R_V

The resistance of a each segment relative to the total resistance of all the segments will determine how changing the resistance of one segment will affect total resistance. To illustrate this principle, a relative resistance value can be assigned to each of the five resistance segments in this model. The relative resistances will be similar to what is observed in a typical vascular bed.

        Assume, R_A = 20, R_a = 50, R_c = 20, R_v = 8, R_V = 1

        Therefore, R_T = 20 + 50 +20 +6 + 4 = 100

Using this empirical model, we can see that doubling R_V from 4 to 8 increases R_T from 100 to 104, a 4% increase. In contrast, doubling R_a from 50 to 100 increases R_T from 100 to 150, a 50% increase. If this were done for each of the segment, we would find that the arteriolar segment with the highest relative resistance (arterioles) has the greatest effect on total resistance. As a group, changes in diameter (and therefore resistance) of small arteries and arterioles have the greatest effect on vascular resistance because these two vessel segments comprise about 70% of the total resistance in most organs.

The above analysis also explains why the radius of a large, distributing artery must be decreased by more than 50% to have a significant effect on organ blood flow. These large arteries comprise only about 1% of the total resistance. Therefore, unlike arterioles, small changes in their diameter have a relatively small affect on total resistance. They must undergo large reductions in diameter before resistance and flow are significantly reduced. This is referred to as a "critical" stenosis. This can be confusing because the Poiseuille’s equation indicates that resistance to flow is inversely related to radius to the fourth power. Therefore, a 50% reduction in radius should increase resistance 16-fold (1500% increase); however, total resistance will only increase by about 16% because the large artery resistance is normally only about 1% of the total resistance.

RK Revised 04/10/07

DISCLAIMER: These materials are for educational purposes only, and are not a source of medical decision-making advice.

© 1999-2008 Richard E. Klabunde, all rights reserved.